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Jackson & Pollock Methods

Comprehensive analysis of the Jackson & Pollock skinfold protocols, including their development, validation, and practical applications. Explore the scientific basis and accuracy of the 7-site, 4-site, and 3-site methods.

Historical Development

Original Research (1978-1980)

Development of generalized body density equations through comprehensive research:

  • Over 1,500 subjects studied
  • Age range: 18-61 years
  • Multiple ethnic groups included
  • Validated against hydrostatic weighing

Method Evolution

Progressive development of simplified protocols:

  • 7-site method (1978): Original comprehensive protocol
  • 4-site method (1979): Optimized for efficiency
  • 3-site method (1980): Simplified for field use
  • Population-specific equations (1985)

Protocol Details

7-Site Protocol

Measurement Sites

  • Chest
  • Midaxillary
  • Triceps
  • Subscapular
  • Abdomen
  • Suprailiac
  • Thigh

Statistical Validity

  • R² = 0.90-0.92
  • SEE: ±3.0% body fat
  • Test-retest reliability: r = 0.98
  • Cross-validated with DEXA

4-Site Protocol

Measurement Sites

  • Abdomen
  • Triceps
  • Suprailiac
  • Thigh

Statistical Validity

  • R² = 0.88-0.90
  • SEE: ±3.4% body fat
  • Test-retest reliability: r = 0.96
  • Validated across populations

3-Site Protocol

Measurement Sites

  • Chest (men) / Triceps (women)
  • Abdomen (men) / Suprailiac (women)
  • Thigh (both)

Statistical Validity

  • R² = 0.85-0.88
  • SEE: ±3.9% body fat
  • Test-retest reliability: r = 0.94
  • Good field reliability

Modern Applications

Clinical Settings

  • Health risk assessment
  • Nutritional counseling
  • Treatment monitoring
  • Research applications

Athletic Applications

  • Performance optimization
  • Training program design
  • Competition preparation
  • Recovery monitoring

References

  • Jackson, A.S., & Pollock, M.L. (1978). “Generalized equations for predicting body density of men.” British Journal of Nutrition, 40(3), 497-504.
  • Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M.L., & Ward, A. (1980). “Generalized equations for predicting body density of women.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12(3), 175-182.
  • Peterson, M.J., et al. (2003). “Development and Validation of Skinfold-Thickness Prediction Equations with a 4-Compartment Model.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(5), 1186-1191.
  • Eston, R.G., & Reilly, T. (2009). “Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data.” Routledge, 3rd Edition.